Scientific References

1. Sato F., Matsukawa Y., Matsumoto K., Nishino H. and Sakai T. Apigenin induces morphological differentiation and G2-M arrest in rat neuronal cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 204:578-584 (1994).
2. Gerritsen M.E., Carley W.W., Ranges G.E., Shen C.P., Phan S.A., Ligon G.F. and Perry C.A. Flavonoids inhibit cytokine-induced endothelial cell adhesion protein gene expression. Am J Pathol. 147:278-292 (1995).
3. Bito t., Roy S., Sen C.K., Shirakawa T., Gotoh A., Ueda M., Ichihashi M. and Packer L. Flavonoids differentially regulate IFN-γ-induced ICAM-1 expression in human keratinocytes: molecular mechanisms of action. FEBS Lett. 520:145-152 (2002).
4. Naderi G.A., Asgary S., Sarraf-Zadegan N. and Shirvany H. Antio-oxidant effet of flavonoids on the susceptibility of LDL oxidation. Mol Cell Biochem. 246:193-196 (2003).
5. Chen C.C., Chow M.P., Huang W.C., Lin Y.C. and Chang Y.J. Flavonoids inhibit tumor necrosis factor-α-induced up-regulation of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) in respiratory epithelial cells through activator protein-1 and nuclear factor-κβ: structure-activity relationships. Mol Pharmacol 66:683-693 (2004).
6. Hendricks J.J., Alblas J., van der Pol S.M., van Tol E.A., Dijkstra C.D. and de Vries H.E. Flavonoids influence monocytic GTPase activity and are protective in experimental allergic encephalitis. J Exp Med 200:1667-1672 (2004).
7. Elsisi N.S., Darling-Reed S., Lee E.Y., Oriaku E.T. and Soliman K.F. Ibuprofen and apigenin induce apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in activated microglia. Neuroi Lett. 375(2):91-96 (2005).
8. Kowalski J., Samojedny A., Paul M., Pietsz G., Wilczok T. Effect of apigenin, kaempferol and resveratrol on the expression of interleukin-1beta and tumor necrosis factor-alpha genes in J774.2 macrophages. Pharmacol Rep 57:390-394 (2005).
9. Phaneuf H. “Chamomile.” Herbs Demystified: A Scientist Explains How the Most Common Herbal Remedies Really Work. Ed. Marlowe and Company, 2005. 71-78.
10. Kumazawa Y. Kawaguchi K. and Takimoto H. Immunomodulating effects of flavonoids on acute and chronic inflammatory responses caused by tumor necrosis factor alpha. Curr Pharm Des. 12(32):4271-4279 (2006).
11. Lim H. and Kim H.P. Inhibition of mammalian collagenase, matrix metalloproteinase-1, by naturally-occurring flavonoids. Planta Med. 73(12):1267-1274 (2007).
12. Nicholas C., Batra S., Vargo M.A., Voss O.H., Gavrilin M.A., Wewers M.D., Guttridge D.C., Grotewold E. and Doseff A.I. Apigenin blocks lipopolysaccharide-induced lethality in vivo and proinflammatory cytokines expression by inactivating NF-kappB through the suppression of p65 phosphorylation. J Immunol. 179(10):7121-7127 (2007).
13. Ha S.K., Lee P., Park J.A., Oh H.R., Lee S.Y., Park J.H., Lee E.H., Ryu J.H., Lee K.R. and Kim S.Y. Apigenin inhibits the production of NO and PGE(2) in microglia and inhibits neuronal cell death in a middle cerebral artery occlusion-induced focal ischemia mice model. Neurochem Int. 52:878-886 (2008).